Thomas Jefferson as a Baby Thomas Jefferson as a Young Man

Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States
In role March 4, 1801 – March iv, 1809
Vice President	Aaron Burr George Clinton
Preceded past	John Adams
Succeeded past	James Madison
second Vice President of the United States
In part March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
President	John Adams
Preceded by	John Adams
Succeeded by	Aaron Burr
1st United states of america Secretarial assistant of State
In part March 22, 1790 – December 31, 1793
President	George Washington
Preceded by	John Jay (Acting)
Succeeded by	Edmund Randolph
Us Minister to French republic
In office May 17, 1785 – September 26, 1789
Appointed by	Congress of the Confederation
Preceded by	Benjamin Franklin
Succeeded by	William Short
Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia
In part November 3, 1783 – May seven, 1784
Preceded by	James Madison
Succeeded by	Richard Henry Lee
second Governor of Virginia
In office June 1, 1779 – June 3, 1781
Preceded by	Patrick Henry
Succeeded by	William Fleming
Consul to the Second Continental Congress from Virginia
In part June 20, 1775 – September 26, 1776
Preceded by	George Washington
Succeeded by	John Harvie
Personal details
Built-in	(1743-04-13)April 13, 1743 Shadwell, Colony of Virginia
Died	July 4, 1826(1826-07-04) (aged 83) Charlottesville, Virginia
Party	Autonomous-Republican
Spouse(south)	Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson
Children	Martha Jane Mary Lucy Lucy Elizabeth Unnamed son
Residence(s)	Monticello Poplar Forest
Alma mater	College of William and Mary
Profession	Planter Lawyer Higher Administrator
Signature

Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the Us, was involved in politics from his early on adult years. This article covers his early life and career, through his writing the Declaration of Independence, participation in the American Revolutionary War, serving as governor of Virginia, and election and service as Vice-President to President John Adams.

Born into the planter class of Virginia, Jefferson was highly educated and valued his years at the Higher of William and Mary. He became an attorney and planter, building on the manor and 20–40 slaves inherited from his father.

Jeffersons of Virginia [edit]

His male parent was Peter Jefferson, a planter, slaveholder, and surveyor in Albemarle County (Shadwell, Virginia).^[1] When Colonel William Randolph, an old friend of Peter Jefferson, died in 1745, Peter assumed executorship and personal charge of Randolph'due south estate in Tuckahoe equally well equally his infant son, Thomas Isle of man Randolph. That twelvemonth the Jeffersons relocated to Tuckahoe, where they lived for the side by side seven years before returning to their dwelling in Albemarle in 1752. Peter Jefferson was appointed to the colonelcy of the county, an important position at the time.^[2] Later on he died in 1757, his son Thomas Jefferson inherited his manor, including well-nigh 20-40 slaves. They comprised the core of his labor force when he started to build Monticello as a boyfriend.

Thomas's paternal granddaddy and smashing-grandfather were also named Thomas.^[3] His grandfather, Thomas Jefferson (1677-1731) resided at a settlement called Osbornes in what is now Chesterfield County, Virginia.^[four] Jefferson's great gramps was a planter of Henrico County^{[4] [v]} and his married woman was Mary Branch.^{[Note 1]} Mary was the granddaughter of Christopher Branch, a fellow member of the House of Burgesses. Thomas was a tobacco farmer who endemic a couple slaves, surveyor, and "gentleman justice". He purchased land along James River in 1682^[seven] and lived in the Flowerdieu, also Flowerdew Hundred of Henrico County.^{[Note 2]} Thomas' grandfather died in 1697.^[vii]

There is alien information near Jefferson'due south heritage^{[Note 3]} and specifically the parents of Thomas' nifty grandfather.^{[Note 4]} There are also unproven allegations that were made about Jefferson'southward heritage during an 18th-century Presidential campaign.^{[Note 5]}

Within a few generations, the Jeffersons rose from that of middling planters who struggled against low tobaccos prices beginning in the 1680s to that of the country aristocracy and to the very elevation of gild.^{[ citation needed ]} The plantation-based economic system of the Jeffersons and their peers relied on acquisition of slaves from Due west Africa and Due west Central Africa, primarily from the Bight of Biafra and Angola. In 1784, Jefferson published Notes on the State of Virginia where he stated that enslaved individuals fabricated up to a third to a half of the inhabitants of most Piedmont counties of Virginia.^[4]

Thomas Jefferson was born on Apr 13, 1743 (April 2, 1743 O.Due south.)^{[Annotation 6]} at the family habitation in Shadwell, Goochland County, Virginia, now role of Albemarle County.^[26] His female parent was Jane Randolph, daughter of Isham Randolph, a ship's captain and former planter, and his wife. Peter and Jane married in 1739.^[27] Thomas Jefferson had appeared to take niggling involvement in and indifference to his beginnings; he stated that he only knew that his paternal granddaddy lived.^[28]

Earlier the widower William Randolph, an quondam friend of Peter Jefferson, died in 1745, he appointed Peter as guardian to manage his Tuckahoe Plantation and care for his iv children. That yr the Jeffersons relocated to Tuckahoe, where they lived for the next seven years earlier returning to Shadwell in 1752. Here Thomas Jefferson recorded his earliest memory, that of being carried on a pillow past a slave during the move to Tuckahoe.^[29] Peter Jefferson died in 1757 and the Jefferson estate was divided betwixt Peter'southward two sons; Thomas and Randolph.^[xxx] John Harvie Sr. so became Thomas' guardian.^[31] Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres (2,000 ha; 7.8 sq mi) of land, including Monticello and between xx–twoscore slaves. He took control of the property after he came of age at 21.^[32]

On October 1, 1765, when Jefferson was 22, his oldest sis Jane died at the historic period of 25.^[33] He savage into a period of deep mourning, as he was already saddened by the absenteeism of his sisters Mary, who had been married several years to John Bolling III,^[34] and Martha, who in July had wed Dabney Carr.^[33] Both lived at their husbands' residences. But Jefferson'south younger siblings Elizabeth, Lucy, and the two toddlers, were at home. He drew little comfort from the younger ones, as they did not provide him with the same intellectual engagement equally the older sisters had.^[33] According to the historian Ferling, while growing up Jefferson struggled with loneliness and abandonment issues that eventually developed into a reclusive lifestyle equally an adult.^[35]

Didactics [edit]

Jefferson began his babyhood education under the direction of tutors at Tuckahoe along with the Randolph children.^[36]

In 1752, Jefferson began attending a local school run by a Scottish Presbyterian minister. At the historic period of ix, Jefferson began studying Latin, Greek, and French; he learned to ride horses, and began to appreciate the study of nature. He studied under the Reverend James Maury from 1758 to 1760 near Gordonsville, Virginia. While boarding with Maury's family, he studied history, science and the classics.^[37]

At historic period 16, Jefferson entered the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, and outset met the constabulary professor George Wythe, who became his influential mentor. For two years he studied mathematics, metaphysics, and philosophy under Professor William Small, who introduced the enthusiastic Jefferson to the writings of the British Empiricists, including John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton.^[38] He besides improved his French, Greek, and violin. A diligent student, Jefferson displayed an gorging marvel in all fields.^[39] Jefferson read law while working as a law clerk for Wythe. During this fourth dimension, he likewise read a broad multifariousness of English classics and political works. Jefferson was admitted to the Virginia bar five years afterwards in 1767.^[40]

Throughout his life, Jefferson depended on books for his education. He collected and accumulated thousands of books for his library at Monticello. When Jefferson's male parent Peter died Thomas inherited, among other things, his large library. ^[41] A significant portion of Jefferson's library was too bequeathed to him in the will of George Wythe, who had an extensive collection. Ever eager for more knowledge, Jefferson continued learning throughout most of his life. Jefferson once said, "I cannot live without books."^[42]

Union and family [edit]

Later on practicing as a circuit lawyer for several years,^[43] Jefferson married the 23-twelvemonth-former widow Martha Wayles Skelton. The wedding ceremony was historic on January 1, 1772 at Martha's home, an estate called 'The Forest' about Williamsburg, Virginia.^[44] Martha Jefferson was described as attractive, gracious and pop with their friends; she was a frequent hostess for Jefferson and managed the large household. They were said to take a happy marriage. She read widely, did fine needle work and was an apprentice musician. Jefferson played the violin and Martha was an accomplished piano player. It is said that she was attracted to Thomas largely because of their mutual dear of music.^{[44] [45]} One of the wedding gifts he gave to Martha was a "forte-piano".^[46] During the ten years of their spousal relationship, she had six children: Martha Washington, called Patsy, (1772–1836); Jane (1774–1775); a stillborn or unnamed son in 1777; Mary Wayles (1778–1804), called Polly; Lucy Elizabeth (1780–1781); and Lucy Elizabeth (1782–1784)^{[47] [Note 7]}. Ii survived to adulthood.^[46]

Subsequently her male parent John Wayles died in 1773, Martha and her husband Jefferson inherited his 135 slaves, eleven,000 acres and the debts of his estate. These took Jefferson and other co-executors of the estate years to pay off, which contributed to his financial bug. Among the slaves were Betty Hemings and her 10 children; the six youngest were half-siblings of Martha Wayles Jefferson, as they are believed to have been children of her begetter,^{[Note viii]} and they were iii-quarters European in ancestry. The youngest, an babe, was Sally Hemings. As they grew and were trained, all the Hemings family unit members were assigned to privileged positions amid the slaves at Monticello, as domestic servants, chefs, and highly skilled artisans.^[50]

After in life, Martha Jefferson suffered from diabetes and ill wellness, and frequent childbirth further weakened her. A few months later the birth of her last child, Martha died on September 6, 1782. Jefferson was at his married woman'south bedside and was distraught after her decease. In the following three weeks, Jefferson shut himself in his room, where he paced back and forth until he was nigh wearied. Later he would often take long rides on secluded roads to mourn for his wife.^{[45] [46]} As he had promised his wife, Jefferson never remarried.

Jefferson's oldest daughter Martha (called Patsy) married Thomas Isle of mann Randolph, Jr. in 1790. They had 12 children, eleven of whom survived to adulthood. She suffered severe problems as Randolph became alcoholic and was abusive. When they separated for several years, Martha and her many children lived at Monticello with her male parent, adding to his financial burdens. Her oldest son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, helped her run Monticello for a time after her father's death. She had the longest life of Jefferson's children by Martha.^[46]

Mary Jefferson (called Polly and Maria) married her first cousin John Wayles Eppes in 1797. As a nuptials settlement, Jefferson gave them Betsy Hemmings, the 14-year-onetime granddaughter of Betty Hemings, and 30 other slaves.^[51] The Eppes had three children together, but only a son survived. Frail like her mother, Maria died at the age of 25, several months subsequently her tertiary child was born. Who also died, and only her son Francis W. Eppes survived to adulthood, cared for by slaves, his father and, after v years, a stepmother.^{[51] [52]}

Monticello [edit]

West lawn in October 2010

In 1768, Jefferson started the construction of Monticello located on v,000 acres of land on and effectually a hilltop. What would soon become a mansion started as a large one room brick firm. Over the years Jefferson designed and built additions to the house where it took on neoclassical dimensions. The house shortly become his architectural masterpiece. The construction was done by Jefferson and his slave laborers, some of whom were master carpenters. Much of the fine furniture in the house was built past his slaves, who were likewise very skilled designers and craftsmen.^[43] Jefferson moved into the Due south Pavilion (an outbuilding) in 1770, where his new wife Martha joined him in 1772. Monticello would be his continuing project to create a neoclassical environment, based on his written report of the builder Andrea Palladio and the classical orders.^[53]

While Government minister to French republic during 1784–1789, he had an opportunity to see some of the classical buildings with which he had become acquainted from his reading, as well as to discover the "modern" trends in French compages and then fashionable in Paris. In 1794, post-obit his service equally Secretary of State (1790–93), he began rebuilding Monticello based on the ideas he had caused in Europe. The remodeling continued throughout most of his presidency (1801–09).^[54] The most notable change was the addition of the octagonal dome.^[55]

Lawyer and House of Burgesses [edit]

Jefferson handled many cases every bit a lawyer in colonial Virginia, and was very active from 1768 to 1773.^[56] Jefferson's customer list included members of Virginia's aristocracy families, including members of his female parent'south family, the Randolphs.^[56]

Beside practicing law, Jefferson represented Albemarle Canton in the Virginia Business firm of Burgesses^[57] His friend and mentor George Wythe served at the same fourth dimension. Following the passage of the Coercive Acts by the British Parliament in 1774, Jefferson wrote a set of resolutions against the acts, which were expanded into A Summary View of the Rights of British America, his offset published work. Previous criticism of the Coercive Acts had focused on legal and constitutional problems, but Jefferson offered the radical notion that the colonists had the natural right to govern themselves.^[58] Jefferson argued that Parliament was the legislature of Great britain simply, and had no legislative authority in the colonies. The paper was intended to serve as instructions for the Virginia delegation of the Commencement Continental Congress, but Jefferson's ideas proved to exist likewise radical for that body.^{[ citation needed ]}

Political career from 1775 to 1800 [edit]

Announcement of Independence [edit]

Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, a formal certificate which officially proclaimed the dissolution of the American colonies from the British Crown. The sentiments of revolution put forth in the Announcement were already well established in 1776 as the colonies were already at war with the British when the Proclamation was being debated, drafted and signed.^{[59] [sixty]}

Before the Declaration was drafted, Jefferson served as a consul from Virginia to the Second Continental Congress beginning in June 1775, soon later on the outbreak of the American Revolutionary State of war. He sought out John Adams who, along with his cousin Samuel, had emerged as a leader of the convention.^[61] Jefferson and Adams established a lifelong friendship and would correspond oft; Adams ensured that Jefferson was appointed to the five-human being commission to write a annunciation in support of the resolution of independence.^[62] Having agreed on an approach, the committee selected Jefferson to write the starting time draft. His eloquent writing fashion made him the committee'south choice for primary author; the others edited his draft.^{[63] [64]} During June 1776, the month before the signing, Jefferson took notes of the Congressional debates over the proposed Annunciation in order to include such sentiments in his draft, amid other things justifying the right of citizens to resort to revolution.^[65] Jefferson also drew from his proposed draft of the Virginia Constitution, George Mason's typhoon of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and other sources.

The historian Joseph Ellis states that the Declaration was the "cadre of [Jefferson]'due south seductive appeal across the ages".^[66] Later working for two days to alter the document, Congress removed language that was deemed antagonistic to friends in Britain and Jefferson'southward clause that indicted the British monarchy for imposing African slavery on the colonies. This was the longest clause removed.^[65] Congress trimmed the draft by about one fourth, wanting the Declaration to appeal to the population in Groovy Uk as well as the soon to be United States, while at the same time not wanting to give Due south Carolina and Georgia reasons to oppose the Declaration on abolitionist grounds. Jefferson securely resented some of the many omissions Congress made.^{[65] [67]} On July four, 1776, Congress ratified the Announcement of Independence and distributed the document.^[68] Historians have considered it to be one of Jefferson's major achievements; the preamble is considered an enduring argument of human rights that has inspired people effectually the world.^[69] Its 2d judgement is the following:

We hold these truths to be cocky-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that amidst these are Life, Freedom and the pursuit of Happiness.

This has been called "one of the best-known sentences in the English language",^[70] containing "the about stiff and consequential words in American history".^[71] The passage came to correspond a moral standard to which the U.s.a. should strive. This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln, who based his philosophy on it, and argued for the Annunciation every bit a statement of principles through which the United states of america Constitution should exist interpreted.^[72] Intended besides as a revolutionary document for the earth, non just the colonies, the Declaration of Independence was Jefferson's assertion of his cadre beliefs in a republican grade of government.^[65] The Declaration became the cadre document and a tradition in American political values. It likewise became the model of republic that was adopted by many peoples around the world. Abraham Lincoln once referred to Jefferson'south principles as "..the definitions and axioms of a free guild..".^[73]

Virginia country legislator and Governor [edit]

Later Independence, Jefferson desired to reform the Virginia government.^[74] In September 1776, eager to work on creating the new regime and dismantle the feudal aspects of the one-time, Jefferson returned to Virginia and was elected to the Virginia Firm of Delegates for Albemarle County.^[75] Before his return, he had contributed to the state's constitution from Philadelphia; he continued to back up freehold suffrage, past which only holding holders could vote.^[76] He served as a Delegate from September 26, 1776 – June 1, 1779, as the war continued. Jefferson worked on Revision of Laws to reflect Virginia's new condition as a democratic country. By abolishing primogeniture, establishing liberty of religion, and providing for general education, he hoped to brand the basis of "republican government." ^[76] Catastrophe the Anglican Church as the state (or established) faith was the first step. Jefferson introduced his "Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom" in 1779, just it was not enacted until 1786, while he was in France equally US Minister.^[77]

In 1778 Jefferson supported a beak to prohibit the international slave trade in Virginia; the state was the first in the marriage to adopt such legislation. This was significant as the slave trade would be protected from regulation for twenty years at the federal level under the new Constitution in 1787. Abolitionists in Virginia expected the new police to exist followed by gradual emancipation, equally Jefferson had supported this by opinion, merely he discouraged such action while in the Assembly. Following his deviation, the Associates passed a police in 1782 making manumission easier. As a effect, the number of free blacks in Virginia rose markedly past 1810: from 1800 in 1782 to 12,766 in 1790, and to 30,570 past 1810, when they formed 8.2 percent of the blackness population in the state.^[78]

He drafted 126 bills in three years, including laws to institute fee uncomplicated tenure in land, which removed inheritance strictures and to streamline the judicial organization. In 1778, Jefferson'south "Beak for the More than General Diffusion of Knowledge" and subsequent efforts to reduce control by clergy led to some small-scale changes at William and Mary College, just free public pedagogy was not established until the tardily nineteenth century after the Civil War.^[79] Jefferson proposed a bill to eliminate capital punishment in Virginia for all crimes except murder and treason, simply his effort was defeated.^[80] In 1779, at Jefferson's behest, William and Mary appointed his mentor George Wythe every bit the first professor of constabulary at an American university.^[81]

In 1779, at the age of thirty-six, Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia past the two houses of the legislature, equally was the process.^[82] The term was then for i year, and he was re-elected in 1780. Every bit governor in 1780, he transferred the state capital from Williamsburg to Richmond.

He served every bit a wartime governor, as the united colonies connected the Revolutionary War confronting Britain. In late 1780, Governor Jefferson prepared Richmond for set on by moving all artillery, military machine supplies and records to a foundry located v miles outside of town. General Benedict Arnold, who had switched to the British side in 1780, learned of the transfer and moved to capture the foundry. Jefferson tried to get the supplies moved to Westham, 7 miles to the north, but he was besides late. He also delayed likewise long in raising a militia.

With the Assembly, Jefferson evacuated the government in January 1781 from Richmond to Charlottesville. They began to meet at his home of Monticello. The government had moved so quickly that he left his household slaves in Richmond, where they were captured as prisoners of war by the British and later exchanged for soldiers. In January 1781, Benedict Arnold led an fleet of British ships and, with 1600 British regulars, conducted raids along the James River. Subsequently Arnold would bring together Lord Cornwallis, whose troops were marching beyond Virginia from the south.

In early June 1781, Cornwallis dispatched a 250-man cavalry force commanded past Banastre Tarleton on a surreptitious expedition to capture Governor Jefferson and members of the Assembly at Monticello.^[82] Tarleton hoped to surprise Jefferson, but Jack Jouett, a captain in the Virginia militia, thwarted the British plan by warning the governor and members of the Assembly.^[83] Jefferson and his family escaped and fled to Poplar Forest, his plantation to the west. Tarleton did not permit looting or destruction at Monticello by his troops.

Past contrast, when Lord Cornwallis and his sizeable number of troops later occupied Elkhill, a smaller estate of Jefferson's on the James River in Goochland County, they stripped it of resource and left it in ruins. Co-ordinate to a letter by Jefferson well-nigh Elkhill, British troops destroyed all his crops, burned his barns and fences, slaughtered or drove off the livestock, seized usable horses, cut the throats of foals and, after setting fires, left the plantation a waste product. They captured 27 slaves and held them as prisoners of war. At to the lowest degree 24 died in the camp of diseases,^[84] a chronic problem for prisoners and troops in an era of poor sanitation.

Jefferson believed his gubernatorial term had expired in June, and he spent much of the summer with his family at Poplar Forest.^[83] The members of the General Assembly had quickly reconvened in June 1781 in Staunton, Virginia across the Blue Ridge Mountains. They voted to reward Jouett with a pair of pistols and a sword, but considered an official enquiry into Jefferson'south actions, as they believed he had failed his responsibilities as governor.

The inquiry ultimately was dropped, even so Jefferson insisted on actualization earlier the lawmakers in December to respond to charges of mishandling his duties and abandoning leadership at a disquisitional moment. He reported that he had believed it understood that he was leaving part and that he had discussed with other legislators the advantages of Gen. Thomas Nelson, a commander of the state militia, being appointed the governor.^[83]

(The legislature did appoint Nelson equally governor in late June 1781.)

Jefferson was a controversial figure at this time, heavily criticized for inaction and failure to adequately protect the state in the face of a British invasion. Even on remainder, Jefferson had failed every bit a state executive, leaving his successor, Thomas Nelson, Jr. to pick upwards the pieces.^[85]

He was not re-elected again to function in Virginia.^[74]

Notes on the State of Virginia [edit]

In 1780 Jefferson as governor received numerous questions about Virginia, posed to him by François Barbé-Marbois, and so Secretary of the French delegation in Philadelphia, the temporary uppercase of the united colonies, who intended to gather pertinent information on the American colonies. Jefferson'southward responses to Marbois' "Queries" would become known every bit Notes on the State of Virginia (1785). Scientifically trained, Jefferson was a member of the American Philosophical Club, which had been founded in Philadelphia in 1743. He had extensive cognition of western lands from Virginia to Illinois. In a course of five years, Jefferson enthusiastically devoted his intellectual energy to the book; he included a discussion of gimmicky scientific knowledge, and Virginia's history, politics, and ethnography. Jefferson was aided by Thomas Walker, George R. Clark, and U.South. geographer Thomas Hutchins. The volume was kickoff published in France in 1785 and in England in 1787.^[86]

It has been ranked as the about of import American book published earlier 1800. The volume is Jefferson's vigorous and often eloquent argument about the nature of the skilful lodge, which he believed was incarnated by Virginia. In it he expressed his beliefs in the separation of church and state, constitutional government, checks and balances, and individual liberty. He likewise compiled extensive information about the state'due south natural resources and economic system. He wrote extensively about the problems of slavery, miscegenation, and his belief that blacks and whites could not live together as free people in one society.

Member of Congress and Minister to French republic [edit]

Following its victory in the war and peace treaty with Bang-up Uk, in 1783 the United States formed a Congress of the Confederation (informally called the Continental Congress), to which Jefferson was appointed equally a Virginia delegate. Every bit a member of the commission formed to gear up foreign substitution rates, he recommended that American currency should be based on the decimal organization; his plan was adopted. Jefferson also recommended setting upwards the Committee of the States, to function as the executive arm of Congress. The plan was adopted but failed in practice.

Jefferson was "one of the first statesmen in whatsoever role of the globe to advocate physical measures for restricting and eradicating Negro slavery."^[87] Jefferson wrote an ordinance banning slavery in all the nation's territories (non merely the Northwest), but information technology failed by one vote. The subsequent Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in the newly organized territory, but information technology did zippo to free slaves who were already held past settlers there; this required later actions. Jefferson was in France when the Northwest Ordinance was passed.^[88]

He resigned from Congress when he was appointed as minister to France in May 1784.

Memorial plaque marking where Jefferson lived while he was Minister to France.

The widower Jefferson, still in his 40s, was minister to France from 1785 to 1789, the twelvemonth the French Revolution started. When the French strange government minister, the Count de Vergennes, commented to Jefferson, "Yous supplant Monsieur Franklin, I hear," Jefferson replied, "I succeed him. No man can replace him."^[89]

Start in early September 1785, Jefferson collaborated with John Adams, United states of america minister in London, to outline an anti-piracy treaty with Morocco. Their work culminated in a treaty that was ratified by Congress on July eighteen, 1787. Nevertheless in force today, it is the longest unbroken treaty relationship in U.S. history.^[xc] Busy in Paris, Jefferson did not return to the United states of america for the 1787 Constitutional Convention.

He enjoyed the architecture, arts, and the salon civilisation of Paris. He oft dined with many of the city'due south most prominent people, and stocked up on wines to have back to the US.^[91] While in Paris, Jefferson corresponded with many people who had important roles in the imminent French Revolution. These included the Marquis de Lafayette, and the Comte de Mirabeau, a popular pamphleteer who repeated ethics that had been the basis for the American Revolution.^[92] His observations of social tensions contributed to his anti-clericalism and strengthened his ideas about the separation of church and state.^{[ citation needed ]}

Jefferson's eldest girl Martha, known as Patsy, went with him to France in 1784. His two youngest daughters were in the intendance of friends in the U.s.a..^[82] To serve the household, Jefferson brought some of his slaves, including James Hemings, who trained as a French chef for his master's service.

Jefferson's youngest daughter Lucy died of whooping cough in 1785 in the United States, and he was bereft.^[85] In 1786, Jefferson met and cruel in honey with Maria Cosway, an achieved Italian-English artist and musician of 27. They saw each other oftentimes over a period of six weeks. A married adult female, she returned to Great Uk, just they maintained a lifelong correspondence.^[85]

In 1787, Jefferson sent for his youngest surviving child, Polly, then age ix. He requested that a slave accompany Polly on the trans-Atlantic voyage. By gamble, Sally Hemings, a younger sister of James, was chosen; she lived in the Jefferson household in Paris for nearly 2 years. According to her son Madison Hemings, Sally and Jefferson began a sexual relationship in Paris and she became pregnant.^[93] She agreed to return to the United states of america as his concubine after he promised to free her children when they came of age.^[93]

Secretary of State [edit]

In September 1789 Jefferson returned to the US from France with his ii daughters and slaves. Immediately upon his return, President Washington wrote to him asking him to accept a seat in his Chiffonier equally Secretarial assistant of State. Jefferson accepted the engagement.

Equally Washington'due south Secretary of State (1790–1793), Jefferson argued with Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, about national fiscal policy,^[94] especially the funding of the debts of the war. Jefferson later associated Hamilton and the Federalists with "Royalism," and said the "Hamiltonians were panting afterwards ... crowns, coronets and mitres."^[95] Due to their opposition to Hamilton, Jefferson and James Madison founded and led the Democratic-Republican Political party. He worked with Madison and his campaign manager John J. Beckley to build a nationwide network of Republican allies. Jefferson's political deportment and his attempt to undermine Hamilton virtually led Washington to dismiss Jefferson from his chiffonier.^[96] Although Jefferson left the cabinet voluntarily, Washington never forgave him for his actions, and never spoke to him once more.^[96]

The French government minister said in 1793: "Senator Morris and Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton ... had the greatest influence over the President'south mind, and that it was only with difficulty that he [Jefferson] counterbalanced their efforts."^[97] Jefferson supported France against United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland when they fought in 1793.^[98] Jefferson believed that political success at home depended on the success of the French army in Europe.^[99] In 1793, the French minister Edmond-Charles Genêt caused a crisis when he tried to influence public opinion by appealing to the American people, something which Jefferson tried to cease.^[99]

Jefferson tried to achieve three important goals during his discussions with George Hammond, British Minister to the U.S.: secure British access of violating the Treaty of Paris (1783); vacate their posts in the Northwest (the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River northward of the Ohio); and recoup the Us to pay American slave owners for the slaves whom the British had freed and evacuated at the finish of the state of war. Chester Miller notes that subsequently failing to proceeds understanding on any of these, Jefferson resigned in December 1793.^[100]

Election of 1796 and Vice Presidency [edit]

In late 1793, Jefferson retired to Monticello, from where he continued to oppose the policies of Hamilton and Washington. The Jay Treaty of 1794, led by Hamilton, brought peace and trade with Great britain – while Madison, with stiff support from Jefferson, wanted "to strangle the former mother land" without going to war.^[101] "It became an article of religion amidst Republicans that 'commercial weapons' would suffice to bring Great Britain to whatsoever terms the United States chose to dictate."^[101] Even during the violence of the Reign of Terror in France, Jefferson refused to disavow the revolution considering "To back away from France would be to undermine the cause of republicanism in America."^[102] Equally vice president, Jefferson conducted hole-and-corner talks with the French, in which he advocated that the French government accept a more aggressive position against the American government, which he thought was too close to the British.^[103] He succeeded in getting the American administrator expelled from French republic.

As the Democratic-Republican presidential candidate in 1796, Jefferson lost to John Adams, but had enough electoral votes to become Vice President (1797–1801). Ane of the chief duties of a Vice president is presiding over the Senate, and Jefferson was concerned about its lack of rules leaving decisions to the discretion of the presiding officer. Years before holding his starting time part, Jefferson had spent much time researching procedures and rules for governing bodies. As a student, he had transcribed notes on British parliamentary law into a manual which he would later call his Parliamentary Pocket Volume. Jefferson had also served on the commission appointed to draw up the rules of gild for the Continental Congress in 1776. Equally Vice President, he was ready to reform Senatorial procedures. Prompted by the firsthand need, he wrote A Manual of Parliamentary Practise, a document which the House of Representatives follows to the present twenty-four hour period.^[104]

With the Quasi-State of war underway, the Federalists under John Adams started rebuilding the war machine, levied new taxes, and enacted the Conflicting and Sedition Acts. Jefferson believed that these acts were intended to suppress Autonomous-Republicans rather than dangerous enemy aliens, although the acts were allowed to expire. Jefferson and Madison rallied opposition support by anonymously writing the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which declared that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it by united states.^[105] Though the resolutions followed the "interposition" approach of Madison, Jefferson advocated nullification. At 1 point he drafted a threat for Kentucky to secede.^{[Note 9]} Jefferson'southward biographer Dumas Malone argued that had his deportment get known at the time, Jefferson might have been impeached for treason.^[103] In writing the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson warned that, "unless arrested at the threshold," the Conflicting and Sedition Acts would "necessarily drive these states into revolution and blood."^[103] The historian Ron Chernow says, "[H]e wasn't calling for peaceful protests or civil disobedience: he was calling for outright rebellion, if needed, against the federal government of which he was vice president."^[106]

Chernow believes that Jefferson "thus set forth a radical doctrine of states' rights that effectively undermined the constitution."^[106] He argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical every bit the Alien and Sedition Acts.^[106] The historian Garry Wills argued, "Their nullification effort, if others had picked it up, would take been a greater threat to freedom than the misguided [alien and sedition] laws, which were soon rendered feckless by ridicule and electoral pressure."^[107] The theoretical damage of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions was "deep and lasting, and was a recipe for disunion".^[106] George Washington was and then appalled by them that he told Patrick Henry that if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", they would "dissolve the union or produce coercion."^[106] The influence of Jefferson's doctrine of states' rights reverberated to the Civil War and beyond.^[108]

Co-ordinate to Chernow, during the Quasi-War, Jefferson engaged in a "cloak-and-dagger campaign to demolition Adams in French eyes."^[109] In the spring of 1797, he held iv confidential talks with the French consul Joseph Letombe. In these private meetings, Jefferson attacked Adams, predicted that he would only serve 1 term, and encouraged France to invade England.^[109] Jefferson advised Letombe to stall any American envoys sent to Paris by instructing them to "listen to them and so drag out the negotiations at length and mollify them by the urbanity of the proceedings." This toughened the tone that the French government adopted with the new Adams Administration.^[109] Due to pressure level confronting the Adams Administration from Jefferson and his supporters, Congress released the papers related to the XYZ Thing, which rallied a shift in popular stance from Jefferson and the French authorities to supporting Adams.^[109]

Beginnings [edit]

Come across too [edit]

• Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson

Notes [edit]

1. ^ His wife, Mary Co-operative, married Joseph Mattocks, having obtained a wedlock license on November 17, 1900.^[6]
2. ^ A John Jefferson^{[viii] [9]} or Mr. Jefferson was a consul representing the Flowerdieu hundred in the showtime legislative associates of Colonial America in 1619.^{[ten] [11]} The attendee of the 1619 legislative assembly is believed to be an ancestor of President Thomas Jefferson, according to Virginia Biographer Lyon Gardiner Tyler (1898).^[12] Thomas Jefferson believed, but was unable to prove, that John Jefferson was his great great grandad. John arrived in Virginia in 1619, having arrived on the Bonahora ^[xiii] or the Bona Nova.^[14] He was made a burgess that year and represented the Flowerdieu Hundred at Farolay'southward Quango in Jamestown. He obtained a state patent at Archer's Hope in 1626.^[thirteen] He abandoned the property and moved to the West Indies and was back in England by 1645.^[15]
3. ^ Co-ordinate to historian Jon Meacham, Jefferson's first American ancestor immigrated to Virginia from England in 1612.^[16] Monticello states that a Jefferson antecedent(s) immigrated about the 1660s or 1670s.^[4] Family unit tradition was that his first American antecedent arrived in Virginia from Wales, near Snowdon mountain. (Peter Jefferson named some of his land forth the James River 'Snowden' for this family story.) No records have been found, though, that country that at that place were Jeffersons in the Snowdonia region in the 16th and early 17th centuries.^{[iv] [17]} Other relatives were too early settlers of Virginia. Taylor (1965) argues that the ancestors of the Jeffersons may accept been associated with the time of the Norman Conquest (1066), for "Jefferson" is derived from the Norman "Geoffrey."^[18] (It stands for Jeffrey's son or other similar begetter'due south name.^[19])
4. ^ There are two theories in which Thomas Jefferson may be related to the Jeaffreson family from Suffolk, England. One theory is that Samuel Jeaffreson who became a successful businessman in the Leeward Islands was the father of Jefferson's slap-up grandfather. Samuel, who was born at Pettistree, Suffolk in 1607 and he settled St. Kitts and Antigua, had a son named Thomas.^{[iv] [17]} Samuel is thought to have arrived in St. Kitts in 1624 aboard the Hopewell.^[xx] Colonel John Jeaffreson, also from the family of Suffolk, was a merchant in London and did business with the Virginia Colony in the early on 1620s. He built a fortune on St. Kitts before returning in the 1650s to England, where he purchased the Dullingham Firm manor in Cambridgeshire. There is some information he may have been the male parent of a Thomas Jefferson who lived in Nevis and Jamaica in the mid 1600s and may have then removed to Henrico County, Virginia. Although there is scant information to back up this theory, the Virginia Jeffersons derived their coat of artillery from the Jeaffresons of Dullingham House.^{[4] [17]}
5. ^ In an 18th-century Presidential campaign, someone speaking against Jefferson's candidacy and in favor of that of John Adams accused Jefferson of being "half Injun, half nigger, half Frenchman"^{[21] [22]} and born to a "mulatto father"^{[21] [22] [23]} or slave^[24] and "a half-breed Indian squaw",^{[21] [22] [23]} this nascency to a mulatto and an Indian allegedly "well-known in the neighbourhood where he was raised"^{[21] [25]} only otherwise unproven.
6. ^ The birth and decease of Thomas Jefferson are given using the Gregorian calendar. As he was built-in when United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and her colonies all the same used the Julian agenda, contemporary records and his tombstone record his birth equally April 2, 1743.
7. ^ While the news from Francis Eppes, with whom Lucy was staying, did non reach Jefferson until 1785, in an undated letter,^[48] it is articulate that the year of her death was 1784 from another letter to Jefferson from James Currie dated twenty November 1784.^[49]
8. ^ "John Wayles", Jefferson'south Customs: Relatives, Monticello. Footnote to Wayles' paternity: Isaac Jefferson, Memoirs, 4; Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," Freeway Canton Republican, March 13, 1873. A December 20, 1802 letter from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton states that Sally Hemings "is one-half sis to his commencement wife." Similarly, a alphabetic character from Thomas Turner in the May 31, 1805 Boston Repertory states, "an stance has existed . . . that this very Sally is the natural daughter of Mr. Wales, who was the father of the actual Mrs. Jefferson."
9. ^ Jefferson's draft said: "where powers are assumed [by the federal government] which have not been delegated, a nullification of the deed is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, (casus not fœderis) to nullify of their own authorisation all assumptions of power by others within their limits." Run across Jefferson'southward draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.
10. ^ Peter Field's mother may be Ann Rogers Clark (a widow), Anne Clark, Anna Clark, Sarah Clark, or someone else/unknown. A citation from a reliable source is needed.

References [edit]

1. ^ Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia – Welsh Beginnings Archived June 20, 2013, at the Wayback Car. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
2. ^ Henry Stephens Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson
3. ^ Malone 1948, p. 427.
4. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g} "Jefferson'southward Ancestry". www.monticello.org . Retrieved December 23, 2019.
5. ^ Thomas Jefferson (January ane, 2010). The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Autobiography, Anas, Writings 1760-1770. Cosimo, Inc. p. four. ISBN978-1-61640-194-viii.
6. ^ Dumas Malone (Jan 30, 1948). Jefferson the Virginian. Little, Dark-brown. p. 427. ISBN978-0-316-54474-0.
7. ^ ^{a b} Willard Sterne Randall (June 18, 1994). Thomas Jefferson: A Life . HarperCollins. pp. iii–iv. ISBN978-0-06-097617-0.
8. ^ Charles E. Hatch (1943). The Oldest Legislative Assembly in America & Its First Statehouse. U.Southward. Government Press Part. p. 30.
9. ^ "Colonial and later Flowerdew". Flowerdew Hundred: Exploring a Cultural Mural Through Archaeology. August 19, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
10. ^ Frederick Doveton Nichols; Ralph Due east. Griswold (1981). Thomas Jefferson, Landscape Architect. University of Virginia Press. p. 1. ISBN978-0-8139-0899-one.
11. ^ Colonial Records of Virginia. Genealogical Publishing Com. Baronial 28, 2012. p. ten. ISBN978-0-8063-0558-v.
12. ^ Tyler, Lyon Gardiner; Kropf, Lewis Fifty.; Fiske, John (1898). The American Historical Review. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, American Historical Association. pp. 734–738. doi:x.2307/1834159. hdl:2027/uc1.31175007116703. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1834159.
13. ^ ^{a b} Curtis, William Eleroy (1901). Thomas Jefferson. J. B. Lippincott. pp. 18–19.
14. ^ Collections of the Virginia Historical Order: Constitution of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society ... February, 1833. Virginia Historical Society. 1888. p. 118.
15. ^ McCartney, Martha West. (2007). Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 419. ISBN978-0-8063-1774-eight.
16. ^ Jon Meacham (September 2016). Thomas Jefferson - President and Philosopher. Random Business firm Children'due south Books. p. 1. ISBN978-0-385-38752-1.
17. ^ ^{a b c} "Welsh Ancestry". world wide web.monticello.org . Retrieved Dec 28, 2019.
18. ^ Olivia Taylor, "The Ancestry of Thomas Jefferson," in George Shackelford, ed. Collected Papers to Commemorate Fifty Years of Monticello, vol i (1965), ch. 3
19. ^ Harrison, Henry (1969). Surnames of the Britain: A Concise Etymological Dictionary. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN978-0-8063-0171-6.
20. ^ Klein, Debra A. (July 12, 2017). "Uncovering the Secrets of St. Kitts". The Daily Animal . Retrieved December 28, 2019.
21. ^ ^{a b c d} Nock, Albert Jay, Jefferson (Northward.Y.: Hill & Wang, 1st Am. Century ser. ed. September 1960, 3d printing November 1963, 1926), p. 141, citing The Johnnycake Papers (in another ed., maybe p. 233).
22. ^ ^{a b c} Taylor, Coley, & Samuel Middlebrook, The Eagle Screams (Northward.Y.: Macaulay, 1936), p. 77 and see p. 76 (campaign of 1796), citing Nock, A. J., Jefferson.
23. ^ ^{a b} Broder, David Southward., Why the Candidates are Targets for Mudslingers, in The New York Times, September 27, 1964, last folio of article.
24. ^ Taylor, Coley, et al., The Eagle Screams, op. cit., p. 67.
25. ^ Taylor, Coley, et al., The Hawkeye Screams, op. cit., p. 77 (without hyphen & "u") and run across p. 76, citing Nock, A. J., Jefferson.
26. ^ Malone 1948, p. 3, 430.
27. ^ Malone 1948, pp. xiii–14.
28. ^ Malone 1948, pp. 5–6.
29. ^ Malone 1948, pp. 19–21, 428.
30. ^ Malone 1948, pp. 31–33.
31. ^ Woods, Edgar (1901). Albemarle County in Virginia. Charlottesville, Virginia. p. 225.
32. ^ Malone 1948, pp. 437–40 The actual amount of land and slaves that Jefferson inherited is estimated. The first known tape Jefferson fabricated in regards to slave ownership, was in 1774, when he owned 41.
33. ^ ^{a b c} Henry Stephens Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson. p. 41
34. ^ Virginia Historical Society "The Virginia mag of history and biography". P. 331
35. ^ Ferling 2000, pp. 36–37. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (assistance)
36. ^ Malone 1948, p. 22.
37. ^ Peterson 1970, pp. seven–9. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (help)
38. ^ Peterson, Merrill D. ed. Thomas Jefferson: Writings. New York: Library of America, p. 1236.
39. ^ Thomas Jefferson on Wine by John Hailman, 2006
40. ^ Peterson 1970, pp. nine–12. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (aid)
41. ^ Ferling 2000, p. 48. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (help)
42. ^ "Jefferson'due south Library". Library of Congress. August 3, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
43. ^ ^{a b} "Life Earlier the Presidency". University of Virginia. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
44. ^ ^{a b} Peterson 1970, p. 27. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (help)
45. ^ ^{a b} Halliday 2001, pp. 48–52. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFHalliday2001 (help)
46. ^ ^{a b c d} "Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". The White Business firm. Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
47. ^ "Lucy Jefferson (1782-1784)". Thomas Jefferson'southward Monticello . Retrieved February 17, 2020.
48. ^ "To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, [14 October 1784]," Founders Online, National Archives, accessed September 29, 2019, https://founders.athenaeum.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-07-02-0342. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 7, 2 March 1784 – 25 Feb 1785, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton Academy Press, 1953, pp. 441–442.]
49. ^ "To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 20 Nov 1784," Founders Online, National Archives, accessed September 29, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-07-02-0388. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. seven, 2 March 1784 – 25 February 1785, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton Academy Press, 1953, pp. 538–539.]
50. ^ "Betty Hemings", Plantation and slavery, Monticello
51. ^ ^{a b} "Betsy Hemmings: Loved by a Family, But What of Her Own?", Keeping Families Together, Monticello, accessed Jan viii, 2012
52. ^ Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello, Hemings Family Tree-1, frontispiece, 2008. Note: Eppes and Betsy Hemmings had a son Joseph and daughter Frances.
53. ^ "The Orders – 01". Compages Calendar week. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved July xx, 2009.
54. ^ "Monticello". National Park Service, US Dept of the Interior. Retrieved Apr xxx, 2011.
55. ^ Kern, Chris. "Jefferson's Dome at Monticello". Retrieved July ten, 2009.
56. ^ ^{a b} Henry Stephens Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson. p 47
57. ^ "The Thomas Jefferson Papers Timeline: 1743–1827". Retrieved July 19, 2009.
58. ^ Merrill D. Peterson, "Jefferson, Thomas"; American National Biography Online, February 2000.^{[ page needed ]}
59. ^ Becker 1922, pp. v–6. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFBecker1922 (help)
60. ^ Ferling 2000, pp. 134–36. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (aid)
61. ^ Peterson 1970, p. 87. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (help)
62. ^ Maier 1997, pp. 97–105. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMaier1997 (aid); Boyd & Gawalt 1999, p. 21. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBoydGawalt1999 (assistance)
63. ^ Boyd & Gawalt 1999, p. 22. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFBoydGawalt1999 (help)
64. ^ Ferling 2000, p. 132. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (help)
65. ^ ^{a b c d} Ferling 2000, p. 135. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (help)
66. ^ Ferling 2000, p. 136. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (assist)
67. ^ Becker 1970, p. 171. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBecker1970 (aid)
68. ^ Ferling 2000, pp. 135–36. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFerling2000 (help)
69. ^ Ellis 1996, p. 50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEllis1996 (help)
70. ^ Stephen E. Lucas, "Justifying America: The Announcement of Independence as a Rhetorical Document", in Thomas W. Benson, ed., American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism, Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Printing, 1989, p. 85
71. ^ Ellis 2007, pp. 55–56. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEllis2007 (assistance)
72. ^ McPherson, Second American Revolution, 126.
73. ^ Bernstein 2005, pp. 197–98. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFBernstein2005 (help)
74. ^ ^{a b} Ferling 2004, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFerling2004 (help)
75. ^ Peterson 1970, pp. 101–02. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (assist)
76. ^ ^{a b} Peterson 1970, pp. 105–06. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (help)
77. ^ Peterson 1970, pp. 134, 142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (assist)
78. ^ Kolchin 1993, p. 81. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFKolchin1993 (assistance)
79. ^ Peterson 1970, pp. 146–49. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (assist)
80. ^ Peterson 1970, pp. 125–29. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeterson1970 (help)
81. ^ Bennett 2006, p. 99. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennett2006 (assistance)
82. ^ ^{a b c} Leonard Liggio, "The Life and Works of Thomas Jefferson" Archived May 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Locke Luminary Vol. 2, No. ane (Summertime 1999) Part 3, George Bricklayer University, accessed Jan ten, 2012
83. ^ ^{a b c} "Jack Jouett's Ride". Monticello Foundation. Retrieved Apr 30, 2011.
84. ^ Places: "Elkhill", Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, accessed January 10, 2012
85. ^ ^{a b c} "Thomas Jefferson: Biography". National Park Service. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
86. ^ Shuffelton (1999, June 2001), Notes on the Land of Virginia Thomas Jefferson, Introduction
87. ^ David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution: 1770–1823, 1975, p. 174
88. ^ Finkelman, P. (1989). "Evading the Ordinance: The Persistence of Bondage in Indiana and Illinois". Journal of the Early on Democracy. nine (1): 21–51. doi:10.2307/3123523. JSTOR 3123523.
89. ^ Hale, 1896 p. 119
90. ^ "1787 Treaty with Morocco", Department of State, Retrieved February 15, 2011.
91. ^ Lawrence S. Kaplan, Jefferson and France: An Essay on Politics and Political Ideas, Yale University Press, 1980^{[ page needed ]}
92. ^ Antonina Vallentin, Mirabeau, trans. E. W. Dickes, The Viking Press, 1948, p. 86.
93. ^ ^{a b} "Memoirs of Madison Hemings". Frontline. Public Broadcasting Service – WGBH Boston. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
94. ^ Pearson, Ellen Holmes. "Jefferson versus Hamilton." Teachinghistory.org. Accessed July xiv, 2011.
95. ^ Ferling 2004, p. 59. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFFerling2004 (aid)
96. ^ ^{a b} Chernow 2004, p. 427. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChernow2004 (help)
97. ^ Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick (1995). The Age of Federalism New York: Oxford University Press, p. 344.
98. ^ "Strange Diplomacy," in Peterson, ed. Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Encyclopedia (1986) p. 325
99. ^ ^{a b} Schachner 1951, p. 495. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFSchachner1951 (aid)
100. ^ Miller 1977, p. 117. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMiller1977 (help)
101. ^ ^{a b} Miller (1960), pp. 143–44, 148–49.^{[ full citation needed ]}
102. ^ Thomas Jefferson, Jean M. Yarbrough, The Essential Jefferson, Hackett Publishing, 2006. (p. xx)
103. ^ ^{a b c} Chernow 2004, p. 586. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChernow2004 (help)
104. ^ "Transmission of Parliamentary Practice". Monticello Foundation. Retrieved May ix, 2011.
105. ^ "Master Documents in American History, Alien and Sedition Acts". Library of Congress. Retrieved May ten, 2011. ^{[ dead link ]}
106. ^ ^{a b c d e} Chernow 2004, p. 587. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFChernow2004 (assist)
107. ^ Wills, Gary. "James Madison". p49
108. ^ Knott. "Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth". p. 48
109. ^ ^{a b c d} Chernow 2004, p. 551. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChernow2004 (help)
110. ^ ^{a b} Verell, Nancy (April 14, 2015). "Peter Jefferson". www.monticello.org . Retrieved December 22, 2019.
111. ^ ^{a b} Meachum, Jon (2012) Thomas Jefferson: The Fine art of Power. Random House. p. 5
112. ^ ^{a b c d} Andrea O'Reilly (April 6, 2010). Encyclopedia of Motherhood. SAGE Publications. pp. 603–604. ISBN978-i-4522-6629-9.
113. ^ ^{a b} Thomas Jefferson (Jan 1, 2010). The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Autobiography, Anas, Writings 1760-1770. Cosimo, Inc. p. 4. ISBN978-i-61640-194-8.
114. ^ ^{a b} Boddie, John Bennett (1972). Historical Southern Families. Pacific Coast Publishers. p. 111. ISBN9780806305257 . Retrieved December 27, 2019. The Soane family is discussed and descendants listed in Historical Southern Families, Vol.V, p. 86. Mary, girl of Judith Soane and Peter Field, married Thomas Jefferson, son of Thomas Jefferson and Mary Co-operative (ibid, p. ninety).
115. ^ ^{a b c d} Anderson, Sarah Travers Lewis (Scott) (2008) [1984]. Lewises, Meriwethers and Their Kin. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 48. ISBN978-0-8063-1072-five. ^{[ meliorate source needed ]}
116. ^ ^{a b} Tyler, Lyon Gardiner; Morton, Richard Lee (1917). The William and Mary Quarterly. William and Mary College. pp. 61–62.
117. ^ Hart, Craig (Nov 1, 2014). A Genealogy of the Wives of the American Presidents and Their Starting time Ii Generations of Descent. McFarland. p. 239. ISBN9780786483679 . Retrieved December 27, 2019. Peter Field was married to Judith Soane (generation 7). Peter's male parent was James Field (generation 8)
118. ^ ^{a b} McLean, Dabney Neff (1985). Henry Soane, Progenitor of Thomas Jefferson. D.Due north. McLean. ISBN9780961493400. "This drove of abstracts will forcus on his [i.e. Thomas Jefferson] great grandparents Peter Field and Judith Soane, and on his keen grandparents Henry Soane and Judith Fuller for whom there are few extant records." (p. v).
119. ^ ^{a b} Stoermer, Taylor (January 4, 2009). "William Randolph". world wide web.monticello.org . Retrieved December 26, 2019.
120. ^ ^{a b} Virginia. General Court; Sir John Randolph; Edward Barradall (1909). Virginia colonial decisions. The Boston volume company. p. 227.

Further reading and bibliography [edit]

• Gordon-Reed, Annette. The Hemingses of Monticello: an American Family unit. (W.W. Norton & Company, 2008); (Pulitzer Prize winner)
• Malone, Dumas (1948). Jefferson, The Virginian. Jefferson and His Time. Vol. 1. Piffling Brown. OCLC 1823927.
• Peterson, Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (Oxford U.P., 1975)

External links [edit]

• "Jefferson's Beginnings" Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia

despeissislatchaving.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson

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